Everything about Province Of Ljubljana totally explained
Province of Ljubljana (
Italian:
Provincia di Lubiana,
Slovenian:
Ljubljanska pokrajina,
German:
Provinz Laibach) was a province of the
Kingdom of Italy and of the
Nazi German Adriatic Littoral during
World War Two. It was created on
May 3 1941 out of the territory occupied by Italian troops after the
Axis invasion of Yugoslavia, and it was abolished in
May 9 1945, when the
Yugoslav partisans liberated it from Nazi occupation. Its administrative centre was
Ljubljana.
Territory
The Province of Ljubljana was created on the Italian-occupied territory of the
Drava Banovina of the
Kingdom of Yugoslavia, which was split between
Greater German Reich and
Kingdom of Italy in April 1941.
The bulk of its territory is:
Fascist Italy occupied, and other villages that previously belonged to the
Banovina of Croatia, Milić-Selo, Paunović-Selo, Žunić-Selo, Vukobrati, Vidnjevići and Vrhovci. These villages were anexed to the municipality of
Črnomelj as part of
Ljubljana Province even if the population of those villages wasn't and now isn't Slovene but Orthodox Serb population.
After the war the inhabitants of those areas demanded to be returned under the auspicies of the county of
Karlovac in the
People’s Republic of Croatia. By the administrative organization of 1947 Marindol and the surrounding villages on the left bank of
Kupa was a local community in the composition of the county of
Karlovac. It was still constituent part of the county in the time of 1948 Census. After that complete area is under Slovenian authority.
Also parts of
Žumberak/Gorjanci area were anexed by Italy to the
Ljubljana Province and parts of
Gorski kotar mainly in the Čabar area (villages around Prezid), all from what was before then part of the
Banovina of Croatia.
This was an agreement between the Kingdom of Italy and the Independent State of Croatia on the border between the two
Axis states during the Second World War.
Administration
The Italian period
The area was first occupied by
Fascist Italy in April 1941. It was subjected to military occupation, but on May 1941 it was formally annexed by the Kingdom of Italy under the name of
Provincia di Lubiana. The province was created as a specific administration unit within Italy. Although considered as an integral part of Italy, it was treated as a
corpus separatum. Unlike other provinces, it was administered by a High Commissioner, appointed by the Italian Government. The High Commissioner had a similar position as
prefects in other Italian provinces, but was given wider competences.
First High Commissioner were
Emilio Grazioli.
Although the province did enjoy some political or administrative autonomy, several concessions were given to the local
Slovene population. In the countriside, most of the municipal administrations, elected in general elections during the
Kingdom of Yugoslavia, could continue to funcion. Judiciary and local administration personnel were also kept.
Both
Italian and
Slovenian were given the status of
official languages, also the status of an administrative language.
Most Slovenian cultural and educational institutions of national importance, such as the
University of Ljubljana and the
Academy of Sciences and Arts, were kept. Education in the Slovene language was kept, although Italian was introduced as an obligatory second language. The population of the Province was exempted from military service in the Italian Army.
Also, the Consult was created as an advisory council of the High Commissioner's office. It was composed by members of local economic and professional associations, as well as of those political party leaders that were willing to collaborate with Italian authorities.
The initial policy of the Italian occupation forces differed significantly from the violent
Fascist italianization policies adopted in other non-Italian regions under Italian Fascist domination. It was also much more tolerant than the policies in the Nazi-occupied Slovenia. Between April amd June 1941, tens of thousands of
Slovenes from German-occupied
Lower Styria and
Upper Carniola escaped to the Province of Ljubljana.
The initial tolerant policies of the Italian administration did however not last long. With the establishment of the
Liberation Front of the Slovenian People and the emergence of the
partisan resistance, the province was subjected to a brutal repression.
The German period (1943 - 1945)
After the
Italian armistice in September
1943, the province was occupied by Nazi Germany. The province was kept in its old borders, as was the basic framework of the administration. The province was included in the
Adriatic Littoral. It was finally abolished on May 9,
1945.
Leaders
One of the leaders was former
ban dr.
Marko Natlačen who formed coalitions with other bourgeoisie parties. He subsequently left office because of represions that Italian administration enforced on the Slovenes.
Some claims were laid that even bishop
Gregorij Rožman of Ljubljana was a collaborator.
Armies
For the defence of
Ljubljana Province and collaboration with
Axis powers there have been organized several institutionalized guards. The main two were
White Guard and
Blue Guard. Those guards were quisling political and military organizations.
One of the leaders of different military groups was
Lambert Ehrlich who lead Catholic Guards.
The leadership of those armies were before the outbreak of the Second World War members of clerical political parties and certain heads of the Church which were reactionists wanting to closer relations of Slovenes to the First Austrian Republic instead of monarchist Yugoslavia.
Members of those units were recruited mainly from mislead youth and poorest peasants. They came from all political groups.
In between a joint headquarter organization called the
Slovenian Alliance was formed which signed contracts with the occupation forces.
After the capitulation of Italy most of the Blue Guard was destroyed and most of the White Guard were captured or destroyed. The remaining parts conjoined into the
Slovenian Home Guard corps led by former general of the Royal Yugoslavian Army
Leon Rupnik. He become chief of the puppet provincial government of the
Ljubljana Province and came into the service of the Third Reich.
While the war was still going on some of the leaders of the White Guard and the Blue Guard undergone a military court-marshal in
Kočevje and sentenced to death. The trial were organized by the
Slovenian National Liberation Council.
On the Allied side there was
Liberation Front of Slovenia which were formed on
27 April 1941 by the decision of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Slovenia.
Ending
The area of
Ljubljana Province after the Second World War were united with the rest of
Slovene Lands that were under the control of
Tito’s Yugoslavia and formed the
People’s Republic of Slovenia in
1947 that was in the mean time called the
Federal State of Slovenia (short form: Federal Slovenia).
Some of its territory was returned to Croatia but some was subsequently claimed by Slovenia.
Bulk of its territory is now the
Republic of Slovenia.
Source
Yugoslavian Encyclopaedia, articles Slovenci and Slovenija, Yugoslavian Lexicographical Institute, Zagreb, published up to 1990.Further Information
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